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Two Certificates of Political Disobedience

Author: Li Yong (produced by Wuhan University of Philosophy)

Source: “Modern Philosophy” 2022 Issue 1

 

[Abstract] Politics is considered to be a major feature of modern society. The scholars of the venerable political scholars represented by Betanning and Bai Tongdong oppose political equality and advocate political disobedience. Their proofs are attached to a specific interpretation of the purpose of the political coordination body, and their proofs can be reconstructed into two versions of the thing and the non-things. Through the emphasis on these two versions, this article points out that political dissatisfaction is facing political rights as a basic welfare and landslide argument, while political dissatisfaction is facing expert-boss complaining about mistreatisfaction and non-target argument.

 

【Keywords】Political dissatisfaction; valuable politics; political equality; object theory; goal discussion

 

In 2020, Daniel Bell and Bai Tongdong, representatives of Confucianism, published two books on politics, Just Hierarchy and Against Political Equality[2], respectively, which attracted the attention of the international academic community. These two books support a political dissatisfaction. The first part of this article explains the two people’s arguments about political dissatisfaction, the second part presents the contemporary political philosophy on the focus of political dissatisfaction, the third part emphasizes the political dissatisfaction, the fourth part discusses two types of reversals about political dissatisfaction.

 

1. Confucianism can be political

 

In his earlier works, Betanning, Wang Pei and Bai Tongdong put forward new discussions and comments on political dissatisfaction. Betanning and Bai Tongdong were also advocates of political dissatisfaction before. In The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights, The East Asian Challenge for Democracy, are they editing? In books such as BeyondLiberal Democracy, China’s New Confucianism, The China Model, Beyond has always maintained that the civilization tradition of East Asia has different views on topics such as human rights and civilized subjects. For example, in terms of human rights, Bettanning believes that the rights of economy, society and civilization should be valued together with society and political power [3]; in terms of civil affairs, Bettanning believes that the Eastern Asian form, especially the form of Singapore’s energy politics, constitutes a great challenge for unrestricted political structure.[4]. Bai Tongdong has always supported a mixed political system of the civil system and the elite system, and believes that this mixed political system has been supported by Confucian philosophy. Bai Tong and Dong Ming clearly expressed that the Confucian fantasy political system supported a mixed system of moral governance or parent system and civil system [5].

 

Betanning and Bai Tongdong have introduced their own views and evidence in their respective new works. Next, the author will introduce the latest discussions of the two. Being calm was importantly developed from the contemporary political reality of China to protect the political equality he understood.

 

First, the political system should be constructed in a short and utopian and realistic manner. In Bethaning’s view, Hierarchy is a wide range of human relationships, and it is not realistic to expect this feature to dissipate. “This is not to say that we cannot have the same friendship, but any social relationship should leave space for the level. The task here is to divide good and bad level situations, and the level social relationship that will bring more good situations in the past.”[6] In his opinion, political affairs can be considered as a level, and in a society with a large scale in modern society, this level of political structure is real [7].

 

Secondly, political opportunities are unsatisfactory and can be realized through methods such as observation. Betanning pointed out that in a large-scale political cooperation full of strangers, most people have no chance to arrange others politically. And modern Athenian-style civilians can only be the source of movement and confusion in contemporary countries. At the same time, he believed that political opportunities should be dissatisfied. Effectiveness is a major source of protection for political dissatisfaction. The greater the political cooperation, the more centralized and level-based political governance is. The 大官网recommendation by examinations) in Chinese history can achieve fair political dissatisfaction. One of the reasons for this kind of remedial system is the concept of service of the political system. If the political system can serve the people well, then this political system is good. In Bethaning’s view, the inspection system can be the most important service for ordinary people by selecting excellent public personnel [8].

 

Thirdly, there are levels of relations between confidential relations, between people, between countries, between people and animals, between people and machines, and there is no logical or conceptual divergence between these levels of relations. In other words, it is not because there are grades of relationships in secret relations, but because there are grades of relationships among the people. In Betanning’s view, it is fair to determine which level of relationships the nature of relationships and social situations determine. He doesn’t think he’s dissatisfiedThe relationships are universally suitable, and have gained widespread political dissatisfaction in Chinese traditional civilization, etc., and are not subject to disagreement in other countries [9].

 

Compared with Betan Ning, Bai Tongdong held similar views on dissatisfaction, but put forward different opinions. Bai Tongdong is important to pay attention to political disobedience, rather than various disobedience. At the same time, the important resources he certified were the Confucian tradition of the pre-Qin period, while the important basis of the certified was the contemporary Chinese reality.

 

First, the political form of Confucianism is universal. As mentioned earlier, Bethaning believes that forms of political disobedience (including Confucian political forms) are not universal. This form can be suitable for Chinese civilization, but is not only suitable for other countries. Bai Tongdong held the opposite view, and his important evidence of the universal suitability of Confucian political forms was based on his view, that is, the transformation of Zhou and Qin was a modern change earlier than that of Europe. “A focus problem in the era of age is the disappearance of the feudal system of birth and the emergence of the demand for a new policy that is increasingly popular and multiplied in the areas of direct absorption.” [10] As a political philosophy thinking about the changes in modern sexuality, in Bai Tongdong’s view, the Confucianism’s understanding (a confucian mixed political system) is as universally suitable as the thoughts of modern European political philosophy [11].

 

Secondly, the protection of political value is consequential. Whether a political value can be supported depends on the consequences of this value. At this point, his and Betanning’s proof of thought are similar. In his opinion, the main political consequence is the service to the people, and politics is in line with the legal principles of the law, and whether the people can be satisfied with this service [12].

 

Third, oppose political equality, including political equality between the people and political equality between the countries. In the Confucian mixed political system that Bai Tongdong values, the participation in political decision-making depends on the intelligence, morality, and political talent of the individual. Because only when talented people provide services that satisfy the people can enjoy the right to political decisions. Similarly, Bai Tongdong accepted the Confucian difference between the barbarians and the non-civilized countries, and the two types of countries were dissatisfied [13].

 

Fourth, this system of opposing political equality should be Confucian. However, Bai Tongdong adopted the concept of a slight person, that is, he was just a person with benevolence and sympathy, and did not need to have a complete Confucian virtue list. CategorySimilarly, the Confucian civilized country he advocated was also a civilized country with little meaning, that is, a country with benevolence [14].

 

Fifth, Bai Tongdong understands political disobedience, and the concept of supporting rights and the rule of law. However, he opposed the nature of rights understood by unrestrained theories. He believed that rights were not based on personal independence. She was stunned for a moment when he understood rights as personal welfare. The department helps people’s moral growth and aims to be kind [15]. In this sense, rights are understood to be something and serve in moral careers.

 

2. Certificate of political equality

 

Next, this article will discuss the evidence of Betanning and Bai Tongdong on political dissatisfaction in the context of contemporary political philosophy. Politics equality is the main symbol of modernity, and it is also a basic value preset for contemporary civil politics. It is the basis for discussing basic concepts such as civil, unrestrained, and rights. Whenever we discuss the concept of equality, we will be exposed to the concepts of political equality, distri